| |
| Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
|
 |
CMV is a herpes virus.
Clinical disease is usually due to reactivation of latent CMV infection due to severe
immunosuppression.
Organs usually involved are
- eyes
- central nervous system
- liver
- gut
- adrenals
- mouth
- lungs
|
| CMV choroidoretinitis
can lead to blindness |
|
| Adrenal involvement
causes |
|
- lassitude (weariness)
- postural hypotension {lowering of BP due to change in posture}
- dehydration
|
| CMV encephalitis
usually presents sub acutely with |
|
- personality change
- poor concentration
- headaches
- insomnia (lack of sleep)
|
| Treatment |
|
| CMV infections are usually treated
by
|
| Mycobacterium
Tuberculosis
|
|
The main features of tuberculosis in HIV infection
are
- Most cases are due to reactivation
- TB may precede AIDS in HIV infected individual
- Extra pulmonary TB in HIV is an AIDS-defining diagnosis
- Prognosis poor----TB may accelerate HIV disease
- Threat of multi-drug resistant TB
|
| Treatment
|
|
Anti-tuberculosis
drugs are used. Prophylaxis with a anti-tuberculous drug is generally given to prevent relapse.
|
For prevention of TB
- Chemoprophylaxis is recommended.
|
| Atypical
Mycobacteria
|
|
Mycobacterium avium intracellulare
(MAI)
|
| Common features |
|
- persistent high-grade fever
- night sweats
- anaemia
- weight loss
- malaise (weariness)
- anorexia (loss of appetite)
- diarrhoea
- muscle pain
|
| Signs |
|
- Tender
lymphadenopathy.
- Hepatomegaly.
- Investigation: Chest x-ray and CT scan
|
| Treatment
|
|
|
Antibiotics are generally used in combinations.
|
| Candidosis |
|
|
|
| Management |
|
Continuous anti-fungal therapy .
|
| Toxoplasmosis -
Protozonal Infection
|
|
- Common site of involvement: Brain.
- Retina (photosensitive layer of eye) may also be involved.
|
| Symptoms and Signs |
|
- fever
- lymphadenopathy
- headache
- convulsions
- cognitive impairment
- confusion
- lethargy
- coma
|
| Treatment |
|
| Generally used drugs
are |
- Antibiotics
- Steroids
- Anticonvulsants
- Maintenance therapy is recommended
|
| Cryptococcosis -
Cryptococcal Infection
|
|
Crytococcus neoformans causes: meningitis,
pulmonary involvement.
|
| Signs and Symptoms |
|
- Headache
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Photophobia
- Fever
- Weight loss
|
| Investigations |
|
- CSF examination
- Indian ink staining of the CSF
- CSF culture
- measurement of Cryptococcal antigen both in serum and CSF.
- CT scan of the brain.
|
| Treatment |
|
| Drugs commonly
used are: Anti-fungal agents.
|
|
Histoplasmosis -
Causative Organisms |
|
- Histoplasma capsulatum
- Coccidioidomyces immitis
|
|
Treatment
|
|
Anti-fungal
agents are generally used.
|
| Nematode
Infection
|
|
Causative agent is
Strongyloides stercoralis
|
|
Treatment
|
|
| Anti-helminthic
drugs are generally used.
|
|
|
