|
Ans : It usually develops suddenly during childhood or
adolescence in both sexes. |
|
|
|
Q.2) What are the causes of IDDM? |
Ans : The causes are
- An abnormal immunologically mediated bodily reaction, against the insulin-secreting cells in the pancreas.
- Trigger Factors may be:
- a viral infection.
- inflammation of the pancreas
- Genetics.
|
|
Q.3) What are the symptoms of IDDM? |
Ans: The symptoms are
- Polyuria (frequent urination)
- Polydipsia (frequent thirst)
- Polyphagia (frequent hunger)
- Weight loss
- Blurred vision
- Foot paresthesias ( tingling numbness)
- Pruritus (itching)
- Abdominal pain
|
|
Q.4) What investigations are done?
|
Ans: The tests conducted are
- Physical examination may be entirely normal.
- Orthostatic hypotension and / or tachycardia,
- Decreased skin turgor, and flat neck veins (in supine position) reflect dehydration.
- Loose skin folds and poorly fitting clothing may suggest recent weight loss.
- Decreased visual acuity,
- Decreased peripheral nerve vibratory / position threshold,
- Eruptive xanthomas
|
|
Q.5) What are the treatment methods?
|
Ans: The Key Tests are
- Plasma glucose :
- Fasting
- Random
- Post-lunch.
- Urinalysis for Glucose, ketones, Proteins.
- Serum islet cell antibodies (ICAs).
- Serum C-peptide.
Treatment
-
Insulin is used
-
Diet:
- Total fat less than 30 percent and saturated fat less than 10 per cent of total calories.
- Cholesterol less than 300 mg/day.
- Distribution of calories:
- 20 percent breakfast,
- 20 per cent lunch,
- 30 per cent supper,
- 10 per cent midmorning snack,
- 10 per cent mid-afternoon snack,
- 10 per cent bedtime snack.
- slowly absorbed carbohydrates such as pasta, lentils, and beans can be consumed.
-
Activity:
- Regular moderate exercise
- Avoid exercising within 4 hours after administration of regular insulin.
- Avoid exercise if FPG is very high/low.
|
|
Q.6) Important things one should know about IDDM?
|
Ans: The important things are
- Basic skills and knowledge:
- Insulin injection technique
- Fingerstick capillary glucose testing technique
- Factors that raise and lower glucose.
- Hypoglycemia:
- Warning symptoms, such as sweating, apprehension, tremulousness, hunger, and confusion.
- "Sick day" management:
- Insulin requirement increases
- Consult physician if nausea/vomiting prevent oral food intake.
- Foot care:
- Inspect feet daily
- Use moisturizer cream daily after bath, if skin dry.
- Avoid going barefoot.
- Wear professionally fitted shoes.
- Do not smoke.
|
|
Q.7)What is the follow-up of IDDM?
|
Ans: Regular follow-up is essential for
- Assessment of control of blood glucose levels.
- Assessment of compliance
- Assessment of / screening for complications
- Retinopathy: Performance of regular fundoscopic examination
- Peripheral neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease.
- Nephropathy
- Measurement of blood pressure regularly
- Measurement of triglycerides, HDL, and LDL cholesterol regularly.
|
